What are Health Screenings
Health screening refers to the process of conducting medical tests and examinations to detect diseases or conditions in people who do not yet show any symptoms. This proactive approach to healthcare aims to identify health issues at an early stage when they are often more treatable and manageable.
A myriad of health screening tests are available for individuals who are interested in maintaining and enhancing their long-term well-being. These range from basic checks like blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and fasting blood cholesterol levels, to more comprehensive assessments using blood tests, imaging, and invasive scopes.
Biometric Parameters in Health Screening
Regular assessment of biometric parameters, such as blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference, is a proactive way to keep track of one’s health status. Changes in these metrics can prompt further investigations or lifestyle modifications to address potential health issues.
Blood Pressure
High readings of blood pressure can indicate chronic hypertension. This is often asymptomatic but increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems.
Height and Weight Measurements
Height and weight measurements are necessary to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is an indicator of whether an individual falls within a healthy weight range, underweight, overweight, or obese. Obesity is linked to a higher risk of diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.
Waist circumference is an additional measure that provides information about body fat distribution. A larger waist circumference can be an indicator of higher fat deposits around the abdomen, which may increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Visual Acuity
Eye tests check for vision impairments and may reveal signs of broader health issues. For instance, conditions like diabetes can affect eye health, and early visual changes can be a sign of neurological disorders.
Laboratory Investigations
Individuals might want to consider undergoing laboratory investigations, as they can help detect conditions that may not yet show symptoms.
Full Blood Count
This comprehensive test measures the different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can help diagnose conditions like anaemia, infections, and certain blood disorders. A low red blood cell count, for example, can indicate anaemia, while an elevated white blood cell count may suggest an infection.
Cholesterol Screen
This test measures levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, often termed ‘bad cholesterol’), high-density lipoprotein (HDL, ‘good cholesterol’), and triglycerides. High levels of LDL or low levels of HDL can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. These results can evaluate the risk of cardiovascular diseases and guide lifestyle changes or medical interventions.
Diabetic Screen
These tests, including fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels, can diagnose diabetes and prediabetes. They are useful in monitoring blood sugar levels over time, aiding in the management or prevention of diabetes-related complications.
Kidney Function Screen
Tests such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) assess kidney function. Early detection of kidney dysfunction allows for interventions that can slow disease progression and reduce the risk of complications.
Bone / Joint Profile
This test helps assess bone health. It can help in detecting conditions like osteoporosis or arthritis, which helps maintain mobility and quality of life.
Liver Function Test
These tests evaluate various enzymes and proteins associated with liver function, aiding in the detection of liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty liver disease. Abnormal results can prompt further investigation and management.
Hepatitis Immunity Screen
This screening assesses immunity to hepatitis A and B. It determines whether a person has developed immunity, either through past infection or vaccination, and can help guide decisions regarding the need for further vaccinations.
Thyroid Profile
Thyroid function tests may include testing for TSH, T3, and T4 levels to identify disorders like hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). These conditions can have effects on overall health, impacting metabolism and energy levels.
Tumour Markers
These blood tests measure substances that can be elevated in certain types of cancers. For example, AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) is associated with liver cancer, CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) with colon cancer, and CA-125 with ovarian cancer. Elevated levels can indicate the need for further investigation.
Gender-Specific Screenings
Some screenings are recommended based on an individual’s gender, as some health risks are more prevalent in men or women.
Breast Cancer Markers and Pap Smears
For women, screening tests like mammography and CA15.3 can be conducted to detect breast cancer. These tests allow for early detection, particularly for those with a family history of breast cancer. Pap smears can screen for cervical cancer. This test involves collecting cells from the cervix to check for precancerous or cancerous changes, playing a role in the early detection and successful treatment of cervical cancer.
Prostate Cancer Screening and Total Testosterone
For men, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) testing is often recommended. Elevated PSA levels can indicate prostate cancer and early detection can impact treatment outcomes. Total Testosterone testing is also useful for assessing hormonal health, which can impact various aspects of well-being, including bone density, muscle mass, and mood.
Additional Tests
Beyond the standard laboratory investigations, additional tests provide a more complete picture of an individual’s health. This can help aid GPs in identifying potential health issues that might not be evident through standard screenings alone.
Urine Analysis
This test checks for a variety of substances in the urine and can detect kidney disease, diabetes, urinary tract infections, and other conditions.
Stool Analysis
Useful for detecting digestive tract issues, this test can reveal signs of infections, poor nutrient absorption, and in some cases, colorectal cancer.
HIV and Syphilis Screen
Routine screening for these sexually transmitted infections (STIs) allows for early detection and treatment, which is beneficial for both individual health and public health.
Advanced Diagnostic Tools
In addition to laboratory tests, conducting assessments using advanced diagnostic tools can aid in comprehensive health assessment.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can detect heart conditions such as arrhythmias, heart attacks, and heart failure.
Chest X-Ray
A chest X-ray can reveal a range of conditions, including lung diseases, heart problems, and certain types of infections.
Ultrasound
Ultrasounds of the abdomen, pelvis, or thyroid can help in diagnosing issues related to organs such as the liver, kidneys, reproductive organs, and thyroid gland.
Selecting Appropriate Health Screenings: Advice for Patients
It is not always easy for a layperson to know what health screening tests are best suited to their needs. For those considering a health screening package, it is recommended to first consult with an experienced healthcare professional for a detailed medical discussion, including a detailed medical history. This can then enable the healthcare professional to recommend a health screening package tailored to the individual’s unique needs.
Health screening test results can be complex and should not be interpreted in isolation. A follow-up appointment should be made with an experienced healthcare professional, as this can allow them to interpret, compare, and translate the health screening results to the patient. They can also recommend tailored lifestyle modifications and treatment plans, or suggest further investigations and follow-up plans as necessary.
Conclusion
Health screening results can serve as early warning signs, prompting timely interventions that can prevent the progression of potential health issues. It can allow individuals to take proactive steps in their healthcare journey, whether it’s modifying or adapting their diet, increasing physical activity, or seeking medical treatment.
Health screenings are necessary as they can often detect problems before symptoms appear. By providing a snapshot of one’s health, individuals can make informed decisions about their lifestyle and healthcare, contributing to longer, healthier lives.
